Beowulf The Epic Poem From The Anglo Saxon Period

Beowulf, the longest epic poem from the Anglo-Saxon period, has a protagonist named Beowulf. A hero of the Geats and forthcoming king, the title character comes to the aid of Hrothgar, king of the Danes, whose kingdom was under attack by a monster known as Grendel. Both are great kings, wise and noble, but what truly makes a king great? Is it the accolades or honors that one receives or does it go beyond that? Two different cultures, two different men, but two great kings; Beowulf was described as a hope for the people (l. 13, 36). He was a hope for the Geats in his ability to lead, to fight and to inflict change. Even Hrothgar voiced to Beowulf that he have heard no man of the age that you are utter such wisdom. You are rich in strength and ripe of mind, you are wise in your utterance (ll. 1840-43, 77). After defeating Grendel and his mother, Hrothgar tells Beowulf this. This foreshadows that Beowulf will be a mighty king in the future. Both are men whom people counted on and looked to for guidance. Both exemplifying what a ferocious warrior resembled and what a true hero was. Hrothgar was granted glory in battle, mastery of the field (ll. 63-4, 38). Knowing from experience, the glory of being looked up to as a hero, Hrothgar warns Beowulf of pride and arrogance. He tells Beowulf a story about Heremod, a fighter once known for being brave and destroyed all obstacles that came his way, but turned into a monster himself when he became blood-thirsty. Beloved Beowulf,Show MoreRelatedEpic Poetry and Beowulf Pg1086 Words   |  5 PagesEpic poems have a unique set of characteristics that distinguish them from just an ordinary poem. An epic poem must contain a hero that is male, noble, and of importance to society who gives long formal speeches and travels over a vast setting. In the epic poem, Beowulf, the reader can see distinct Anglo-Saxon political, economic, and religious values in the actions of the characters and the things happening around them. Wealth in the Anglo-Saxon society, as seen in Beowulf, was used as a means ofRead MoreAngloSaxon Literature Essay632 Words   |  3 Pagesthroughout the Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066), we see that many of their narratives, stories were simply passed down orally due to the lack of education prior to the era of Christianity. During the Anglo- Saxon Era literature initially began to be written down by the monks of the Christ ian Monasteries. The Anglo-Saxons contributed many details to human nature. The Anglo-Saxons named our modern day weekdays after Greek Gods. Heroism within an epic poem was often present during this period. Epic poetryRead MoreBeowulf : The Ideal Anglo Saxon Warrior871 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Rhode The Ideal Anglo-Saxon Warrior Throughout the epic of Beowulf, the differences between the hero of Beowulf and the villain of Grendel are made clear. Taking place during the fifth century, Beowulf is commonly known as the oldest surviving epic poem of Old English. It is also considered one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature. With a different age and time period comes different values. Many of the traits greatly admired during the time of Beowulf may now have much lessRead MoreThe Anglo Saxon Era Of Rich History And Reflected Literature1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Anglo Saxon Era of Rich History and Reflected Literature The Anglo Saxon Period began in 449 and ended in 1066 AD. This was a time of Viking conquering other nations, patriotism, and Pagan to Christian religious conversion. There are only few recorded authors of this era as a result of literary works such as Beowulf, Wife’s Lament, and The Seafarer being passed down orally through generations of time. The literature serves as a reflection of this ancient time rather than having an impact on thisRead MoreBeowulf: An Analysis1615 Words   |  7 Pages11/26/10 Beowulf Anglo Saxons are Germanic people that lived during the 5th and 6th centuries. This early Anglo-Saxon society was centered on families and clans. The earliest Saxon settlers and families in England were pagans who worshipped a number of gods. Although Anglo Saxons had unalterable beliefs, Christians eventually purveyed their religion upon the pagans. However, the ideals of paganism still perpetuate through the most prominent epic poem of this era called Beowulf. Beowulf embodiesRead MoreBeowulf And The Anglo Saxon Period1740 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf The original poem, Beowulf, goes back to the Anglo-Saxon period in c. 650 and c.1100. Authors translated Beowulf many times in the Anglo-Saxon period to present day. It displays how a hero should be in the real world. He helps the people in the village and slays monsters. Everyone in the village looks up to him as he acts as if he were a role model. Beowulf, the protagonist in the translated Beowulf by Seamus Heaney, is a hero of his village, stands for bravery, strong will, and noblenessRead MoreEssay about Epic of Beowulf1017 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf The Anglo-Saxon Culture as Illustrated in Beowulf Beowulf is an epic poem, which takes place in ancient Denmark and Geatland and describes the adventures of Beowulf, a Geat hero. Through their heroes, epic poems usually describe the traditions and beliefs of a certain culture. An Anglo-Saxon author wrote Beowulf about the Danes and Geats. The Anglo-Saxon’s had similar beliefs to that of the Dane and Geat’s, so the poem gives us some idea of what the Anglo-Saxon culture was like.Read MoreCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight600 Words   |  3 Pagesand Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf is an epic poem that was written in the Anglo-Saxon time period where only a few privileged people were able to read and write while Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which is also an epic poem, was written in the Middle English time period where reading and writing was more wide-spread. While both the epic poem Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight have similar protagonists, the main character of each poem also has differentRead More Beowulf and The Intent of Christians to Convert Pagans Into Christianity 1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthen the Anglo Saxons. The Anglo Saxon’s traveled to England from the northern countries of Germany Norway and Sweden. When they arrived, they brought their gods with them. The Anglo Saxon’s religion consisted of multiple gods and goddesses and their own view of Heaven and what it would be like. The Anglo Saxon’s also loved poetry, and they used it to keep track of the history of their people. Beowulf is an epic poem tha t was past down by the Anglo Saxons from generation to generation. The poem is infusedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Beowulf And The Genesis Of The Beowulf1321 Words   |  6 Pages During the Anglo-Saxon period, it was considered a dishonor if one failed to avenge the death of a family member. Wergild is a sign of loyalty, which is a recurring theme throughout in Beowulf. In the epic, not only did Beowulf seeks wergild for the death of his friend, but Grendel’s mother looks to avenge her son’s death. The need for wergild is a constant theme in the epic. In order to understand the poem Beowulf and the importance of wergild, one must understand the time period it was written

Essay about Should Illegal Immigrants Be Granted Amnesty

According to CNN, 12 million illegal immigrants currently reside in the United States, which is approximately equivalent to the populations of Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, or Michigan. Removing all 12 million illegal immigrants, then, would be like removing one of the above states, a pretty incredulous task. In practical terms, it is not possible to send that many immigrants back to their respective countries efficiently and economically. This raises the issue of what to do with the immigrants that are already here, and how to increase security to keep the number of illegal immigrants entering under control. It may be feasible to grant citizenship to those illegal immigrants that have been in the United States for some time, however;†¦show more content†¦This is amnesty, and I oppose it†¦ Amnesty would be unfair to those who were here lawfully, and it would invite further waves of illegal immigration†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Additionally, Robert Byrd (Senate) stated in his exce rpts from his Address to the United States Senate, â€Å"To capriciously grant amnesty to three million immigrants who circumvented these processes, who have resided and worked in this country illegally, sends exactly the wrong message†. The wrong message being that amnesty only invites more illegal immigrants into the country without reprimanding the ones who are currently here. However, the secondary problem here, as Bush recognized and stated is that, â€Å"†¦it is neither wise, nor realistic to round up millions of people, many with deep roots in the United States, and send them across the border†. Admittedly, amnesty seems to manifest several problems, mainly with continued unlawful immigration, however; it does not make sense to send millions of integrated immigrants out of the country. Instead, a partial amnesty could be granted, which would be fairer to lawful immigrants, but also give illegal immigrants a chance to lawfully obtain citizenship and contin ue living in the United States. To become a citizen, the immigrants have to apply for application costing 680 for the application for citizenship, 595 for the application, and 85 for the finger printing fee. Furthermore be aShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay on Immigration1148 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal Immigration Amnesty There are many problems that the United States faces and the one that is causing several debates is illegal immigration. Thousands and thousands of illegal immigrants have come from many different places. All of them have different desires. One might want a safe future for their family, one is probably looking for a fresh start, or even a place to spread their knowledge. The big question is should illegal immigrants be granted amnesty? After the resourcesRead MoreFamily Values Linda Chavez Summary1304 Words   |  6 PagesAre Immigrants actually hurting America? In the article â€Å"Supporting Family Values† Linda Chavez writes to inform Americans about immigrants. In American people make the assumption that immigrants are here to hurt America instead of improving America. In reality there is only a small group of immigrants that hurt America. People need to separate the groups to realize that there are immigrants who help America and that they should be allowed to stay in America under certain circumstances. ImmigrantsRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesmust be addressed: what to do with illegal immigrants already in the United States, how to stop future illegal immigration, and how to improve and streamline the process of legal immigration. Illegal Immigrants Currently in the United States Illegal immigrants currently in the United States need a path towards citizenship unless they are violent criminals. There are currently approximately 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States. While these immigrants have broken the law, deporting allRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Be Legal949 Words   |  4 Pagesnation of immigration but America also faces the problem of illegal immigration. In America the debate of whether undocumented immigrants should be able to get full amnesty is still a controversy. Even though illegal immigrants did make an illicit action, many see the United States as an opportunity for a better future. In addition, undocumented immigrants should be granted citizenship because it will benefit the United States. Creating an amnesty for the students will help the United States by improvingRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1711 Words   |  7 Pagesvast majority of people living in the United States are descendants of immigrants , and yet majority of them are against them. It is quickly forgotten that America was built on immigrants that wanted a new life. A life free from harsh government, and the freedom from forced religion. The original settlers were immigrants that stole this land; immigrants continued to come for years. It is not a newly constructed concept that immigrants have always been a problem, ask any Native American. One used to beRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Illegal Immigrants1793 Words   |  8 Pagesrecent discussion s of illegal immigration, a controversial issue has been whether or not to grant amnesty to illegal immigrants in the U.S. On the one hand, some argue that amnesty shouldn’t be granted to illegal criminals. From this perspective, there are downfalls that many ignore and is unjust and stereotypical that all illegals are dangerous criminals. On the other hand, however, others argue that amnesty should be granted to illegal immigrants and how all of us are immigrants. In the words of oneRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The United States1624 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is illegal immigration often viewed as a threat to the United States rather than being unscrupulous? With over 11.5 million illegal immigrants in the Unites States, opponents of illegal immigration dispute that concept of granting amnesty to these immigrants. 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By: Chris Myers Should the U.S. grant amnesty to immigrants who came here illegally? The answer to this question is yes, they should. What s wrong with granting amnesty to hard-working, tax-paying individuals whose only crime is their immigration status? Amnesty is not only the best solution to our immigration problem, it is the only feasible solution. Here are some reasons to grant amnesty to illegal immigrantsRead MoreIllegal Immigration1570 Words   |  7 Pages English 102 25 June 2013 Illegal Immigration Illegal Immigration has been a problem for a very long time now in the United States. It has also been a very controversial subject for as long as I can remember. Illegal immigration goes back hundreds and thousands of years. Living in such an anti-illegal immigration state has been tough, there is always something about illegal immigration laws going on, and politics talking about it and the saddest part families being separated, daily.

Advanced Paramedical Science Free Essays

string(58) " and vomiting are commonly encountered clinical problems\." Nausea and vomiting is a commonly encountered problem in the emergency department as it accompanies a multitude of conditions ranging from seemingly benign conditions such as migraine and gastroenteritis to potentially lethal conditions such pancreatitis and the acute abdomen. Studies from the U.S have shown that each year, almost 8 million individuals present to the emergency department with complain of nausea and vomiting, either as a principal complain or as a part of another disease etiology (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, Weichenthal, 2006, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Paramedical Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now 77). Nausea and vomiting are not distinct disease entities. Rather, they are symptoms which can be present in a wide range of disease conditions and are considered to be the ‘end-points’ of several pathological processes (Klosterhalfen and Enck cited in Kowalski, Rapps, Enck, 2006 p.28). The term nausea refers to the subjective feeling or the urge to regurgitate gastric contents (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). From a physiological point of view, this is associated with reduced gastric motility and increased smooth muscle tone of the small intestine. Moreover, there might also be the presence of reverse peristalsis in the small intestine, which can cause the feeling of imminent regurgitation (Bowen, n.d.). On the other hand, vomiting refers to ‘the forceful discharge of gastric contents’ (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.) which is meant to serve the purpose of protecting the gastrointestinal tract from potentially harmful substances by preventing their entry and transit through the gastrointestinal tract (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). Vomiting, if persistent can have several potentially hazardous consequences such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic derangements, manifesting as alkalosis and even bleeding and esophageal perforation (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). Moreover, from the patient’s perspective, nausea and vomiting can be distressful and thus appropriate and timely management of these two conditions is imperative. The Physiology of Nausea and Vomiting – an overview of the stimuli and pathway involved For several decades now, it has been established that the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain which is responsible for emesis is the area posterema. This is a region located at the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata near the caudal end of the fourth ventricle. It is one of the ‘circumventricular organs’ and by the virtue of possessing a relatively permeable blood-brain barrier, is sensitive to a variety of stimuli (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). Thus, it plays an important role in emesis. Studies have shown that there are five main kinds of stimuli which can trigger nausea and vomiting via different pathways viz. the presence of toxic materials within the gut lumen, presence of toxins in the blood, a pathology within the gut, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulus or disturbances in the vestibular system (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). The mechanism whereby each of these stimuli brings about nausea and vomiting is discussed below. The presence of toxic materials within the gut lumen: The presence of toxins, such as drugs has been shown to stimulate the enteroendocrine cells, such as the enterochromaffin cells, located in the gut mucosa and result in the release of several mediators such as 5HT3, Substance P and CCK. This results in the stimulation of vagal afferent neurons which are located in the abdomen. These neurons traverse through the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and are projected to the dorsal brainstem, with some projection in to the area posterema (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). Presence of toxins in the blood Toxins which have been absorbed and are circulating in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the area posterema and cause induction of emesis (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 5). This is the most common mechanism whereby ingested or parenterally administered drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents and other toxins such as drugs of abuse, invoke the emetic response. Gastrointestinal tract pathologies Certain pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis or hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can stimulate the vagal afferents or directly activate the pathways leading to emesis (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Central nervous system (CNS) stimuli Certain stimuli such as intense fear, anticipatory anxiety, injury to the brain or a sudden increase in the intracranial pressure can induce emesis (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). The mechanism involved in such a response has not yet been elucidated clearly. Disturbances in the vestibular system Amongst other manifestations of disturbances in the vestibular system, such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting is also an important symptom. The vestibular system has been shown to directly stimulate the pathways involved in the emetic response and hence produce nausea and vomiting (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). All these stimuli have been shown to stimulate various pathways which have one common outcome viz. the stimulation of the emetic center in the area posterema. (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). Several receptors, both central and peripheral, have been implicated in bringing about emesis. Amongst these the most pertinent ones are Dopaminergic receptors (particularly D2), Histaminergic receptors (especially H1), Muscuranic receptors (including M3/M5), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, in particular, 5-HT3 and the neurokinnin receptor, NK1 (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 8) Once any of the above mentioned stimuli are encountered, an afferent response as discussed above is generated. This results in the activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the area posterema. Subsequently, a motor response is generated, whereby efferent pathways involving the cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X are activated. Moreover, autonomic responses are also generated (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). The vagal efferents to various muscle groups such as those located in the esophagus, stomach and the intestine are activated bringing about stimulation of these muscles (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Moreover, abdominal muscles, phrenic muscles and the diaphragm are also stimulated to bring about the required increase in the intra-abdominal pressure. The combination of both these effects leads to the regurgitation of the gastric contents. Moreover, this is also accompanied by various other manifestations such as an increase in salivation, brought about by the stimulation of the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, autonomic stimulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and vasoconstriction of skin vessels (Sanger Andrews, 2006, p. 6). Antiemetic drugs used in pre-hospital care Nausea and vomiting are commonly encountered clinical problems. You read "Advanced Paramedical Science" in category "Papers" Over the years, several anti-emetic medications have been discovered to effectively alleviate the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. These drugs work by blocking the pathways involved in the initiation and production of emesis. Various drugs have been developed which block the different receptors, both central and peripheral, involved in producing emesis. The anti-emetic medications which are used in common clinical practice can be grouped in to seven major categories according to their mode of action. These include anti-cholinergics, antiserotonins, antihistamines, Benzamides, Butyrophenones, Phenothiazines and steroids (Scuderi, 2003, p. 43). The mechanism of action and the dosages of the four main anti-emetics used in Ambulance Services in Australia are discussed below: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Metoclopramide (Maxolon): Metoclopramide has been used in clinical practice for several decades now as an antiemetic and a prokinetic agent (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, Barann, 2005, p. 50). These antiemetic functions are thought to be brought about by the antagonistic actions of Metoclopramide on the dopamine (D2) receptors, both central and peripheral, and also on the 5HT3 receptors (Walkembach, Bruss, Urban, Barann, 2005, p. 50). On the other hand, the prokinetic action of Metoclopramide are brought about by the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter, the increase in the strength and frequency of peristalsis and an increase in the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (Australasia, 2008). This drug is available in both tablet (white, round, 7mm in diameter) and injection (colorless, aqueous solution) forms (Australasia, 2008). The maximum dose of Metoclopramide commonly used in all age groups is up to 0.5 mg/kg body weight. The recommended dosage regimen for adults is 10mg three times daily while for children it varies between 2.5mg-5mg   three times daily (Australasia, 2008). The metabolism of Metoclopramide takes place in the liver and it is eliminated from the body predominantly via the kidney. (Australasia, 2008) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prochlorperazine (Stemetil) Prochlorperazine is a phenothiazine which has been shown to block the dopamine receptors (D2) in the chemoreceptor trigger zone located near the area posterema. By blockage of these receptors, Prochlorperazine exerts its antiemetic actions. The recommended dosage of Prochlorperazine in is 10 mg intravenously (Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutic cited in Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, Diercks, 2000, p. 92). In emergency practice, IV administration of 2.5-10 mg of Prochlorperazine at a rate of up to 5mg/min is recommended for adults. The maximum dose should not exceed 40mg per day. Moreover, IM injections of this drug are also available. They are administered at a dose of 5-10 mg every 3-4 hours (Bartlett, 2009, p. 861). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ondansetron (Zofran) Ondansetron is a carbazole derivative and is a potent antiemetic drug which is widely used in alleviating the symptoms of nausea and vomiting associated with chemo- and radio- therapies and also in the management of post-operative nausea and vomiting (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59). Its proposed mechanism of action is via selective antagonism at the level of the 5 HT3 receptors (Scuderi, 2003, p. 59). Chemotherapeutic agents are thought to bring about nausea and vomiting via the stimulation of enterochromaffin cells in the gut mucosa leading to 5HT3 production and subsequent vagal stimulation. This pathway is blocked by 5HT3 antagonists such as Ondansetron. Ondansetron has been shown to have a short half life of approximately 3 to 5 h (Ho Gan, 2006, p. 607). The recommended dosage of Ondansetron varies between 8-16 mg twice daily (Bartlett, 2009). 4. Promethazine (Phenergan) Promethazine is also a phenothiazine but is shown to have dual modes of action. It not only blocks the dopamine receptors (D2) but has also been shown to have anti-H1 histamine receptor effects. It is used for a wide range of purposes including in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo and even allergies (Bartlett, 2009, p. 869). The recommended oral dose of Promethazine is 25 mg twice daily. It can also be administered intravenously at a dose of 12.5-25 mg every four hours. The maximum dose is 150 mg/day (Bartlett, 2009, p. 869). PART II There are several clinical conditions which can present with the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Amongst these the most common condition is gastroenteritis, migraines and pancreatic amongst others. The adequate and timely management of patients with nausea and vomiting has posed a challenge for the clinicians for several decades and although several effective anti-emetics have been discovered, there has been a quest for a single anti-emetic which is efficient, fast acting and relatively safe. In the practice of ambulance services and emergency situations, different anti-emetics are commonly used including Metoclopramide, Chlorpromazine, Ondansetron and Promethazine. Amongst these, in my opinion, the most suitable drug for use in the ambulance service and emergency departments is Metoclopramide. This is because on comparing the onset of action, clinical efficacy and side effect profiles of the most common anti-emetic agents, it is apparent that Prochlorperazine is superior to all other agents used. Moreover, its cost, availability and easy administration make it suitable for use in the emergency practice. Following is a comparison of the four most commonly used anti-emetic drugs. A common concern with the use of any drug is its safety and side effect profile. Safety becomes more important while dealing with patients in the emergency or ambulance care since limited resources, time and personnel are available in such settings, and the prime concern is the stabilization of the patient and alleviation of his symptoms. Drugs which have potentially unsafe need to be administered with caution and the patients need to be monitored for the occurrence of adverse effects. This is not feasible in emergency and ambulance practice and thus the ideal drugs for use in such settings are those which have no or minimal side effects. With Metoclopramide, there is a 10-20% incidence of side effects and these side effects are mild. The most common side effects observed with this drug are CNS effects such as anxiety, restlessness and insomnia which can vary in severity (Australasia, 2008). Moreover, it has also been shown to cause fatigue and occasionally can cause extrapyramidal side effects. Another relatively common side effect of Metoclopramide is gynecomastia which occurs as a result of enhanced prolactin secretion (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). A rare complication associated with the use of Metoclopramide is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome which is a medical emergency and can lead to death. However, it is observed in only less than 1 in 10,000 cases (Australasia, 2008) . On the other hand, the phenothiazines including Prochlorperazine and Promethazine have been shown to have a greater number of side effects. Amongst these the ones which arouse the most concern are extrapyramidal symptoms. Extrapyramidal symptoms can range from tremor to akathisia and the potentially hazardous tardive dyskinesias (Australia, 2009). Moreover, they can also manifest as dystonic reactions are similar to the manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Less commonly, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, which is a medical emergency, can also result from the use of these drugs. These effects are thought to be caused due to the central antidopaminergic properties of the phenothiazines on the dopamine receptors. The occurrence of these symptoms is noticed most commonly within 36 hours of initiation of treatment. However, these symptoms are reversible and once the drug is discontinued, they disappear within 24 hrs (Australasia, 2008). It is important to note that with Metoclopramide, the occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects is not very common. On the other hand, the phenothiozones such as Prochlorperazine and Promethazine have a much greater incidence of these side effects. Drotts and Vinson (1999) in their study showed that with the use of Prochlorperazine, incidence of akathisia was 44% within 1 hour and 5% within 48 hours. (Braude, Soliz, Crandall, Hendey, Andrews, Weichenthal, 2006, p. 181). Other studies, such as those of Ernst et. al., have supported these findings. These extrapyramidal symptoms, if severe, have to be treated with intravenous infusions of an anti-cholinergic agent such as diphenhydramine (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, Diercks, 2000, p. 92). Other common side effects of phenothiazines include constipation, blurred vision, mild elevation of the hepatic enzymes (if the patient develops cholestatic jaundice), ECG changes, arrhythmias and hypotension (Australia, 2009). Hypotension in patients who are already dehydrated due to vomiting can lead to significant patient distress and is also important from the point of view of health care professionals, as it poses difficulties in patient management in emergency and ambulance settings. Moreover, most phenothiazines, in particular Promethazine are known to cause sedation due to histamine blockade. Promethazine has also been shown to reduce the seizure threshold. Due to the multitude of serious adverse effects of Promethazine the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has restricted its use in children under two years of age (DeCamp, Byerley, Doshi, Steiner, 2008, p. 859). As compared to Metoclopramide, Ondansetron has relatively lesser side effects. The most commonly encountered adverse effects of this agent include headaches, constipation and mild elevation of serum transaminases (Kuver, Sheffield, McDonald, n.d.). But this drug is not preferred over other anti-emetic agents due to its cost and availability issues (Ernst, Weiss, Park, Takakuwa, Diercks, 2000, p. 92). Moreover, it is used more commonly to prevent post-operative nausea and vomiting and in patients receiving chemotherapy and its role in acute settings has not been extensively studied. Pregnancy is one of the most common conditions which present with nausea and vomiting.   Amongst the commonly available anti-emetics only a few are safe to use in pregnancy. Studies have shown Metoclopramide to be safe for use during pregnancy and this drug has not been shown to cause any long term complications in children of mothers using it during pregnancy (Sà ¸rensen, Nielsen, Christensen, Tage-jensen, Ekbom, Baron, 2000). Similarly the safety of Ondansetron has also been proven by several studies conducted recently (Einarson, Maltepe, Navioz, Kennedy, Kennedy, Koren, 2004, p. 940). However, both Promethazine and Prochlorperazine belong to Category C and thus   have limited use in pregnancy (Australia, 2009). Another advantage of Metoclopramide is its ability to provide faster relief from the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Metoclopramide has been shown to have a rapid onset of action. Following IV administration, its effects start manifesting in around 1 to 3 minutes, whereas following intramuscular administration, 10 to 15 minutes is required (Australasia, 2008). This rapid action makes it suitable for use in emergency practice, Although there is a paucity of studies comparing the cost effectiveness of Metoclopramide with other antiemetics, studies comparing the cost-effectives in patients undergoing chemotherapy have shown that Metoclopramide to be more cost effective than Ondansetron (Ballatori, et al., 1994). Thus, in conclusion, keeping the side effect profiles, the availability and cost effectiveness of all the anti-emetics in view, in my point of view Metoclopramide is best suited for use in ambulatory settings. Metoclopramide has several benefits over other anti-emetics. It has a fast onset of action which makes its practical for use in emergency settings. Moreover, it has lesser and milder adverse effects as compared to other anti-emetics. In addition, it can be used in all age groups and is safe in pregnancy. Thus, all these properties make Metoclopramide ideal for use in ambulatory care settings. References Australasia, V. P. (2008, October 22). Metoclopramide hydrochloride-Data sheet. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Medsafe-INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS: http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/datasheet/m/Maxolontabsyrinjsupp.htm Australia, S.-A. (2009). Sanofi-Aventis Australia. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from Product Information: http://www.sanofi-aventis.com.au/products/aus_pi_phenergan.pdf Ballatori, E., Roila, F., Berto, P., De Angelis, V., Neri, C., Olivieri, A., et al. (1994). Cost and cost-effectiveness analysis of ondansetron versus metoclopramide regimens: a hospital perspective from Italy. Pharmacoeconomics , 227-37. Bartlett, J. . (2009). 2009 Nurse’s Drug Handbook . Jones Bartlett . Bowen, R. (n.d.). Physiology of Vomiting. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from The Stomach: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/stomach/vomiting.html Braude, D., Soliz, T., Crandall, C., Hendey, G., Andrews, J., Weichenthal, L. (2006). Antiemetics in the ED: a randomized controlled trial comparing 3 common agents. American Journal of Emergency Medicine , 177–182. DeCamp, L. R., Byerley, J. S., Doshi, N., Steiner, M. J. (2008). Use of Antiemetic Agents in Acute Gastroenteritis:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of pediatric and adolescnet medicine , 858-865. Drotts, D. L., Vinson, D. R. (1999). Prochlorperazine Induces Akathisia in Emergency Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine . Einarson, A., Maltepe, C., Navioz, Y., Kennedy, D., Kennedy, D., Koren, G. (2004). The safety of ondansetron for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy:a prospective comparative study. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 940–943. Ernst, A. A., Weiss, S. J., Park, S., Takakuwa, K. M., Diercks, D. B. (2000). Prochlorperazine Versus Promethazine for Uncomplicated Nausea and Vomiting in the Emergency Department: A Randomized,Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Annals ofEmergency Medicine , 89-94. Ho, K.-Y., Gan, T. J. (2006). Pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and clinical efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology , 606–611. How to cite Advanced Paramedical Science, Papers

Tiger Subspecies Essay Research Paper Tiger SubspeciesI free essay sample

Tiger Subspecies Essay, Research Paper Tiger SubspeciesI am here composing a study on the sub species of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Many of these Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams will non last in the following 40 old ages due to the violent death that us worlds have caused. Tiger sub species have non been every bit of import to us worlds as whether or non the species Tiger Panthera Tigris can last either in the natural state or in imprisonment for the following 40 old ages. However a great trade of information on the hereafter of the tiger can be learned from a survey of races. Which is what my study will be based on. It is astonishing to me that people want Numberss of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Procedure is the of import facet. If I say that the figure of Sumatra Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams today is between 300 and 400, it doesn # 8217 ; t state one that the 1975 nose count was 1500. We will write a custom essay sample on Tiger Subspecies Essay Research Paper Tiger SubspeciesI or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore stating that the Bali tiger, theCaspian tiger, the Javan tiger, the Manchurian tiger, and the Southwest Chinese tiger are now nonextant doesn # 8217 ; t give you aportrait of the procedure of extinction. The Javan tiger became nonextant in the 1970 # 8217 ; s in a set aside particular national park under full protection. Politicans and administrative officials seem to be obsessed with Numberss and non tendencies. Let me exemplify this with Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. There are often petitions as to the exact figure of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams, or a tiger subspecies left in the universe. That tells you that there are people that attention. But there are so small Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams left that we can non even maintain path of them. We should look at the tendency that the population is taking, instead than the figure as a piece in clip. Merely as you might state of a immature member of the Hunt household, that they were really affluent. A conjec tural person was 24 old ages o ld and had $ 1,000,000. What isn’tavailable in this one clip analysis was that this Hunt inherited $ 24,000,000 at age 21, has no instruction nor of all time worked. At age 22 Hunt had $ 9,000,000 and at 23 had $ 4,000,000. Now alternatively of stating Hunt was rich, we would state Hunt is in problem. Lttes are a great trade like Hunt. The estimations of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams are from the Carnivore Preservation Trust has arrived at their ain estimations ; they are extremely educated conjectures: Bengal Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams likely figure fewer than 1000 in India. In bulk of that state it is hopelessly fragmented. It is, overall, actively poached. Fewer than 200 exist in Nepal and under 1000 exist in Myammar ( Burma ) . Indochinese Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams are among 500 and 2000. CPT # 8217 ; s conjecture is about 700 amidst heavy poaching. In the early 1960ss when the South China tiger had apopulation of about 4,000, Mao instituted a tiger obliteration plan. After Mao # 8217 ; s decease in 1976, the South China tigerpopulation was reduced to 400. The Chinese authorities so instituted a # 8220 ; Save the Tiger Program! # 8221 ; South Chinese tiger isabout 25, but the wild figure is so inbred that the effectual population figure is more like four! The Siberian tiger numberis between 125 and 175. ( Closer to 125 harmonizing to the Russian scientist whowas enrolling for the geneticmanagement of the free ranging Siberian tiger plan in October 1995. ) We must make something to halt the extincian of one of our must beautiful animate beings. We have lost to many species of animate beings and we can non afford to lose any more. As we can see, at the rate that we are losing animate beings in the universe, reasonably shortly there are non traveling to be any left for us to bask.

My Place of Tranquility free essay sample

Most people would find my idea of a happy place to be downright horrifying. Many individuals feel content at a beach, mountain, or in the comfort of their own home. However, the one place that makes me feel most content is in a hospital. Common connotations of my place of peaceful happiness involve blood, sickness, and death. However, when I think of the word hospital, these negative associations do not come to mind. Instead, I think of a place I would like to work for the rest of my life. Whenever my family and I walk through the emergency room doors of our local hospital, the staff immediately recognizes us. Over the years, my brother Luke has been the main reason for our trips to the hospital. From a broken knee, shoulder, ribs, and thumb, its no wonder that we are familiar faces among the ER patients! In a way, I could call the hospital my second home. We will write a custom essay sample on My Place of Tranquility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I feel this way because the nurses and doctors not only know my family by name, but I feel at home in the environment. Because of my experiences at hospitals, I have set my mind on a profession in the medical field. My personal experience at Boston Childrens Hospital sparked my initial desire. From the ages of one to seven, I had a medical condition that required me to have biannual checkups with doctors at the childrens hospital. On a particular visit to Boston Childrens, I walked through the revolving door into the brightly furnished lobby and saw many sick children. As I looked around there were kids with physical disabilities, terminal illnesses, and other medical conditions. I partially understood what these children were going through, but also did not. I recall seeing a boy whose feet were cut off by a lawnmower. I remember feeling sad for this boy because I realized he would never have the same opportunities I would. Seeing these kids made me realize I wanted to pursue a career in the medical field and make a difference in the lives of sick children. After my appointment that day, I went home with a goal to make everyone and everything around me better. From that point on, every single stuffed animal that I possessed became a sick patient. I would carry my pretend medical kit around the house checking the vital signs of my beloved stuffed friends, along with my family members. Even at this young age, I knew I wanted to dedicate my life to improve the lives of others. I think that most kids would be frightened by the sights seen at the childrens hospital, but not me. I felt something totally opposite, a feeling deep down in my soul that I knew I needed to help children and their families. There is something about the fast paced and unpredictable atmosphere of a hospital that excites me. One day I hope to work in a hospital, like Boston Childrens, and work to make sick kids better. Even though I try to approach every situation with an optimistic attitude, I realize that I will not be able to save every child I treat. I understand that the main reason for these children being there in the first place is that they are extremely ill. Even though some patients of mine will not be given good prognoses, I am determined to work hard, and try my hardest to make them better. Someday I want to be able to look back in time and know that all of my hard work really did pay off. I want the dream the little girl had of healing her stuffed animals to come true.

The Mongols Essays - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Mongols

The Mongols Essays - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Mongols The Mongols It has been said that the Mongols were the most cruel and barbaric of the peoples that have roamed this earth. My research paper is on the greatest of the Mongols, Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan was, even in the lightest sense, a military genius. Genghis Khan almost conquered the world. He instilled in humankind a fear that lasted for ages. But what drove him to do it? Was it by chance? This paper will explain how the general's childhood molded the man into the best war general of the known world. The Mongols originally consisted of loosely organized nomadic tribes. (Nomadic refers to a tribe whose members wander and travel around, never staying in one place very long). They were considered barbarians, by European standards. They had no written language, and they were uneducated, except in warfare. Their land was in the most sense barren, for it was the Gobi Desert. In the Gobi, weather could change at a moments notice, from scorching heat to blustering cold. To protect themselves from the unforgiving cold, the Mongols smeared themselves with oil and grease. This offered sufficient protection, but they had to still worry about the wind, for the desert was barren, and with no trees to divert the wind, the gusts were sometimes enough to make riding on horseback difficult. Their culture was very unique. In the spring, meat, fur, and milk were abundant. In the winter, however, it was not. The Mongols evidently did not care much for their children, for they did not sacrifice their food for them. Whenever food was brought in during the winter, all of it was put in the a pot and then the order of people got it. The order of people were - the able-bodied men taking the first portions, the aged and the women received the pot next, and the children had to fight for the rest (Lamb 23). When there was a shortage of cattle, the children didn't survive so easily. Milk, one of their chief sources of nutrition, existed only in the form of kumiss, milk put in leather satchels, fermented and beaten. It was nourishment, and also intoxicating, especially to a kid of three or four years (Lamb 26). Their fires were not fueled by wood, since trees were scarce in the desert. Instead, it was fueled by cattle and horse dung, which had to make for a certainly unpleasant smell. When festivals came about, as they rarely did, big piles of dung were lit and the same order of the eating applied to the fire, with the women sometimes being able to sit! on the left of the fire. The children were not introduced to hardship; they were born into it. After they were weaned from their mothers milk to mare's milk, they were expected to manage almost entirely for themselves. The children learned to live by themselves, in houses, called yurts and they learned to organize hunts, stalking dogs and rats, beating them with crude, blunt clubs and arrows. They also learned to ride sheep by holding on to the wool. The yurts were made of felt, animal skin shaved close, stretched over wooden sticks, with an opening at the top to let out the smoke. Page 3 The felt was covered with white lime, and pictures were drawn onto it. This tent was serviceable, for its dome shaped top allowed it to resist the high winds (Fox 29). Endurance was life for the young Genghis Khan, called at birth Temujin, or "The Finest Steel". It was a name given to him by his father, the name of an enemy taken prisoner. Temujin's father was the Khan of the Yakka, or Great, Mongols. He had control of over 47,000 tents and his name was Yesukai (Lamb 24). Temujin had numerous duties, just as did the other boys of the camp. They had to fish the streams that the family passed on their trek. They looked after the family's horses, learning out of necessity to stay in the saddle for several days at a time, and to survive without food for three to four days. The boys watched the skyline for raiders and spent many nights in the snow without a

Community Health Epidemiolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community Health Epidemiolgy - Essay Example Health statistics from year 2007 show that disease threats include diarrhea, campylobacteriosis and Hepatitis, which have been checked by health programs like the immunization of all age groups – newborns to adults. Other health threats include T.B, Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV, which are the focus of public programs, created to explore and offer their surveillance. From the community genogram, focus is placed on group-centered health education and integrating team networks among the different vulnerable groups. Focus is also placed on the family and other small groups, towards fostering the current healthcare system – so that it can address the health issues discussed. These intervention steps will be affected through the exploratory, analytical and the health action phases, towards realizing the desired changes and solutions to the health threats. Community Health Epidemiology Introduction Jefferson County is a county in the United States, located in the Stat e of Texas. As per the 2010 census statistics, the county had a total population of 252,273. The population density registered in the county stood at an average of 280 per square mile. ... An approximate level of 17.40% of the total population and 14.6% of families live below the poverty line. 24.6 % of those living below the poverty line are composed of those under the age of 18, while 11.8% are composed of those above the age of 65 years. As of January 2011, the unemployment ratio of the county stood at 9.4 percent registering 27,918 members of the total population as unemployed. The underemployment rate for that year stood at 10.7 percent, implying that the county is a home to 26, 993 unemployed citizens and a considerable number of underemployed workers who may not afford substantial healthcare services (Mecke, 1984). Discussion From a careful assessment of the economic, community safety inventory, cultural evaluation, disaster assessment, as well as planning, the results of the county’s health status indicators reflected the following. 10.8 % of the population as uninsured. Behavioral risk factors included alcohol use and abuse, substance abuse, nutrition i mbalances and vulnerability based on unfavorable physical activity patterns. An example here is the recent anti-tobacco campaign, offered to urge people reduce the consumption of tobacco, as well as protect the others from secondhand smoke. Other areas with shortage causing imbalances and deficits in healthcare services administration include socio-economic factors, like economic and social imbalances, as well as inadequate education and limited access to education. Other community health indicators influencing the health patterns depicted within the framework of Jefferson County include vulnerability indicators like crime rate, especially that involving abuse of the elderly and domestic violence. Other causes of health imbalances include

How has globalisation changed the fashion media Essay

How has globalisation changed the fashion media - Essay Example Fashion writers are conscious about associating the culture of each nation to a season’s fashion to ensure there is a national identity for the products (Niessen, S. A. 2003 p.219). Advertisement is a mass media because it reaches a mass market. The notion that advertising is non-targeted and non personal is a wrong implication. Advertising luxury brands in mass media like television and magazine targets a narrow group comprising of the specific luxury consumer market. Advertisement is a method of communicating the brand history, personality, products, image and services that increase the visibility of the bands. Traditionally advertisements of superior brands usually appear in business publications, fashion magazines, high end publications and airline in-flight magazines focusing target audience (Okonkwo, U. 2007 p.145). Some of the modern communication strategies are Push Trade promotion, Pull Customer promotion and Profile Stakeholder promotion. In push trade promotion the brand is promoted through traditional print advertising. The prospective customer gains knowledge about new brands from advertisements. In pull customer promotion, the prospective market is attracted to the brand through methods like internet promotional campaigns. In profile stakeholder promotion, the broad market is target through promotional methods (Okonkwo, U. 2007 p.144). With the beginning of globalisation and increase in intercultural influences, digital media and international travel there has been a considerable change in the fashion consumption patterns. Cultural awareness through various media has led to increased need for overstated fashion. In the 1990s the luxury consumer market widened and matured with a fashion consumption that followed a global outlook inspired by factors such as globalisation, information technology, digital media and

International Outsourcing of Clothing Industry Dissertation

International Outsourcing of Clothing Industry - Dissertation Example At international level several attempts have been made by the international trading bodies like WTO to liberalize the trade system and as a result there is increase in the outsourcing of different industries. Globalization has drawn lasting effects on the clothing industry as well and global outsourcing is occurring in the industry at increasing rates. Outsourcing of different industries draws significant impacts of the performance of that industry as well as on the entire economy. There are different view points about the potential effects of global outsourcing. Some researchers (e.g. Antras, Helpman, 2004) believe that increased global outsourcing cause unemployment of thousands of domestic highly skilled professionals as the companies offer the employment opportunities to the labor of another country from where they might get the labor at low wages or salaries. On the other hand some social scientists (e.g. Bruce S. Berton, 2004; Amiti, Wei, 2005) strongly believe that the economies in the 21st century must need outsourcing in different industries because it bring variety of benefits and advantages to the countries like the consumers get more choices available in front of them and they also have an easy access to purchase the products at different levels of distribution. Along with these effects of global outsourcing attempts are also made to examine the impacts of outsourcing on the workforce of the countries (e.g. Campa and Linda S. Goldberg 1997; Maria Pia Hernandez, 2004). Despite the fact the a considerable portion of literature is concerned with examining the effects of global outsourcing on industries and the economies, there are few researches that study the impact of global outsourcing of clothing... The dissertation unfolded the international outsourcing of the clothing industry from the US and also provided the information about the various issues that are related to the clothing industry outsourcing. It came out from the study the clothing industry is being outsourced internationally from America for many years ago. It means that there is enough awareness in the businesses of the American clothing industry that they paid attention towards the outsourcing and discovered that the outsourcing will provide them certain benefits. As a result of this thinking outsourcing of clothing industry by the US, clothing firms become a common practice and many of the famous brands also get their clothing assembled in other countries where the manufacturing cost is less than America. The two important factors that were pointed out as the main player that encourage the outsourcing of industries (Technology advancement and Trade liberalization measures) also played an active role in the internat ional outsourcing of the US clothing industry. The clothing firms of US is not only facilitated by the technology to get into the outsourcing practice but the favorable investment and trade condition also makes it possible that the companies to look towards international outsourcing and save the money that is saved from the labor salaries. The clothing industry mostly looks towards the positive consequences of the international outsourcing and they do not take much care of the matter that what will happen to the skill and unskilled labor of home country.

Effects of Static and Dynamic Culture Conditions

Effects of Static and Dynamic Culture Conditions Tissue engineering has been investigating the properties of scaffolds and cell culture conditions for better cell attachment, viability and proliferation. This study compares the two cell culture conditions: Static and spinner flask / dynamic cell conditions over a period of 7 days on polyglycolyic acid. The scaffolds were statistically seeded by mouse dermal 3T3 fibroblast in static culture method and on other hand seeded scaffolds were transferred to spinner flask at approx.60 rpm in dynamic culture method. Significant improvement in cell viability was not observed in both the conditions after 7 days of culturing. The cells adhesion successfully took place and expressed cytoskeleton ÃŽÂ ²-actin in both the methods but achieving maximum distribution of cells on the scaffold in dynamic method. This study reports that static culture method could produce increase in cell number approximately six times more after 7 days of culture i.e. from 1.2 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ±0.1610à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells to 6.3 x10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ±110à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells. Surprisingly, instead of enhancing the growth of 3T3 fibroblast cells in dynamic condition, they seems to be probably undergoing cell death/loss as reported by alamar blue, hoechst DNA assays, toludine blue and western blot. Overall, static condition favoured the cell adhesion, proliferation and ÃŽÂ ²-actin expression gradually with days and produced better reproducible data compared to dynamic condition. The techniques involved in dynamic culture method needs to be more carefully investigated and improved further to draw a strong conclusion. The aim of the study is to implement the principles of fundamental techniques in tissue engineering in culture method on the three dimensional polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds seeded with 3T3 fibroblast. To compare and contrast the effects on cells in spinner flask or dynamic culture condition method with the static culture condition method by observing and analysing on factors like cell adhesion, distribution, proliferation, viability and expression of cytoskeleton after culturing in the same system for 7 days using alamar blue, hoechst 33258 DNA assays, toludine blue staining and western blot analysis. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field which aims in developing new approaches for functional substitutes applicable in restoration of damaged or injured tissues. These substitutes are complex constructs of living cells, bioactive molecules and three dimensional porous scaffolds, which supports cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, its main objective to achieve in therapy is to form a living tissue from small population of mammalian cells. For this, the ideal tissue engineering strategy so far has remained to develop tissue by seeding the specific population of cells on three-dimensional constructs which not only provides a structural support to cell mass but also can effectively influence cell attachment, growth and differentiation either by incorporation of adhesion molecules or controlled release on bioactive molecules from the scaffold. After seeding of cells onto the 3-D scaffolds construct, the cells starts proliferating which results in deposi tion of extracellular matrix components and biodegradation of scaffolds. The latter makes the porous construct of scaffold more solid 3-D. Several other factors affect the 3D tissue growth including scaffold design, seeding method and the culture condition methods. Studies have reported that high degree of cell attachment to biocompatible and biodegradable particles, while avoiding aggregate formation can be achieved using poly co-glycolic acid (PGA) scaffold of 50-100mm spherical size fabricated by electro-spinning technique. This method provides reliable, reproducible and well-characterized PGA scaffold. The surface chemistry of the scaffold helps to determine the particle size, shape, morphology and distribution. Depending on the experiments, surface modifications are performed like formation of poly l-lactide-coglycolide (PLGA) via ring opening polymerisation and fibronectin coating to scaffolds. However, it is not the part of standard protocol. Depending on the size, the required cell density for maximum attachment may differ to obtained optimal cell attachment. The seeding is usually done using the cell suspension of a particular seeding density which allows for maximum dispersion of cells and well integration into the pores of the scaffolds. But for therapeutic purposes, however, this strategy is not sufficient enough to result in an overall improvement in conditions due to severe tissue damages. This can be overcome only by achieving relatively high degree of cell attachment to the micro-particle. Several factors and parameters influence the cell adhesion like the curvature of the particles, the particle material, the electrostatic charge of the particles, the surface motif of the particles, the interaction between cell and particles, the number of cells in the tissue culture and type of cell culture method implemented. It is also important to obtain homogenous cell adhesion to the scaffolds and avoiding clumping which will lead to the formation of cell-particle aggregates. This will prevent cells from appropriate uptake of nutrient from the media and hinder their subsequent growth. The mammalian cells are usually cultured in static or bioreactors condition. Here in this study, spinner flask system is employed which is also a kind of bioreactor as it provides the 3D environment. It is a flask provided with magnetic rod which keeps rotating constantly at specified speed. The nature of growing cells requires such dynamic condition to mimic the environment similar inside the body which gives sufficient nutrient supply, waste exchange, enhances ECM and gap junction formation, and cell-cell interaction. Most importantly it also helps maintain the cells differentiated in 3D which is needed for tissue formation. This characteristic is not maintained by static culture method. Hence, many 3D culture methods have been developed such as perfusion chambers, rotary vessels and commercial perfused bioreactors with improved capacity for mass transport of nutrients and waste product. They help in formation of relatively good quality of tissue by more enhanced cell differentiati on and also maintaining in that state. The static culture method used in this study, tissue culture plastic with seeded scaffolds remains untouched in the incubator. But with static culture, alternative shaking on a shaker and resting can also be employed to provide better supply of nutrient through media. The attachment characteristic of ECM proteins such as laminin, will also depend upon the cell type used. There are particular conditions needed to be optimised with each cell type. Most of the tissue engineering experiments uses 3T3 fibroblast only to optimise the cell culture condition where there is optimum cell adhesion is obtained before using the actual stem cell of interest. This is because, 3T3 fibroblast are known to easily attach to any surfaces due to presence of the high density of integrins on their cell surface. This will not only enhance the cell attachment but will also give maximum possible interaction with the particle. Cells that have spread on the particles exhibit a clear halo of cytoplasm surrounding their nucleus after the rearrangement of their actin skeleton. The attachment and spreading of cells to a substrate surface is often seen as a basic characteristic, but is, in fact, the initial process that subsequently influences and regulates cell growth, survival, migration and differentiation. In addition, cell-to-substrate interaction, mediated by integrins, also influence cell behaviour and signalling pathways leading to modifications in upstream and/or downstream cellular activity. Thus, a desirable substrate should allow sufficient and optimal cell attachment and spreading characteristics to occur. The 3T3 fibroblast media is used in which DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS enhances the cell attachment as the serum is highly protein rich and therefore, helps in cell in adhesion by supplying the ECM-proteins as well as nourishing them. Hence, the serum conditioning step is of critical importance in maintaining cells health and attachment in the culture. Materials and Methods Scaffold preparation and serum conditioning PGA FELT Scaffolds disc of 2mm x 10mm and 45mg/cc (TE005-50-10) was provided by Smith and Nephew research group, University of Nottingham. These non-culture scaffolds were then treated in 24 well tissue culture plastics (TCP) plates with 3T3 fibroblast media containing 500ml DMEM (Sigma G7513) supplemented with 10% FCS, 2mM L-glutamine and 1% AB/AM (Sigma A5955). All the scaffolds were statistically seeded on day 1 using non-culture treated well plates to encourage the cells of mouse dermal 3T3 fibroblast to adhere to the scaffolds at seeding density of 1x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶cells/ml. 3T3 fibroblast cell suspension was added in TCP plates for all test and no cells in the blanks. The plates are then incubated overnight at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ in air. The remaining cell suspension was then again resuspended in warm media to achieve 4 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells/ml cell density and was stored at -20 °C till day 7 for Hoechst analysis. 3T3 fibroblast cells were used to seed the scaffolds to observe the cell viability, cell proliferation and ÃŽÂ ²-actin expression on day 1, when the cell culture condition was maintained static and day 7, after applying the two cell culture conditions (static dynamic) and maintaining for 7 days. Static culture In static culture condition, the seeded and non-seeded (blanks) scaffolds were kept in 1ml of warm 3T3 fibroblast media per well. These five culture plates were kept in incubator and cultured for 7 days at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ in air. Spinner flask culture Two separate spinner flask filled with 50ml warm media each was used for seeded scaffolds and non-seeded (blanks) scaffolds. These flasks were kept in incubator by loosening the side arms and setting the magnetic stirrer approximately at 60rpm and cultured for 7 days at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ in air. After following 7 days for culture conditions, the construct was then sacrificed for alamar blue, toludine blue and Hoechst analysis. Also, in addition cytoskeleton analysis using western blot was also carried out. The assessment of two culture methods, static and dynamic was done by producing five set of readings for static condition and four set of readings for dynamic condition where the experimental analysis were conducted using three replicates for test and blanks on day1 and day7 Alamar Blue Assay Staining was done using 10% alamar blue containing 1ml alamar blue (Serotec BUF012B) and 9ml HBSS without phenol red (Sigma H1387). The stain was kept in dark at 37 °C. The scaffold was transferred from seeding and culture conditions to new 24-TCP non-cultured plate with 1ml warm alamar blue after washing three times with PBS. The plates were then incubated at 37 °C, 5%COà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ for 1hr. The aliquots of 3 x 100 µl of alamar blue were transferred to 3 wells of 96 microtitre well plate including the blanks to measure fluorescence using plate reader (Ex530nm/Em590nm). The excess of alamar blue solution was aspirated and washed with 1ml sterile PBS. Toludine Blue Staining Scaffold for toludine blue staining was transferred to new non-culture treated 24well TCP plate and was treated with 1ml ice cold 95% (v/v) methanol in dHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡O for 5 mins after washing 3 times with 1ml warm PBS. Then fixative was discarded and scaffold was allowed to air dry at RT followed by treatment with 1ml aqueous 0.1% (w/v) toludine blue (Fisher chemicals BPE107-10) for 5 mins. The scaffold was again allowed to air dry at RT. Papain Digest and Hoechst 33258 DNA Assay The aliquot of cell pellet (4 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells) prepared on day1 was treated with 1ml of papain solution (1.06mg/ml, pH 6.5) (Sigma P4762) followed by overnight incubation in waterbath at 60 °C. The serial dilutions of the papain digested cell pellet using hydrolysed papain solution as diluent was prepared for 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312 and 0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells. In the Hoechst 33258 DNA assay, the hydrolysed papain solution was used as blank. 5 µl of each aliquots + 70  µl Hoechst dilution buffer was added in triplicates in black 96-well plate including the blank. In each well, 100  µl Hoechst 33258 working solution (Sigma S6639) was also added and fluorescence was measured using plate reader (Ex 360nm/Em 460 nm) Western Blot 100 µl cold RIPA buffer (Sigma R0278) was added to the cell pellet (4 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells) and the seeded scaffolds in eppendorf from day 1 and was kept on ice for 20 mins while vortexing every 5 mins. The cells were then snap freezed by placing it on dry ice for 1 min then 1-3 min at RT. The cells are resuspended by grating and spinning for 30 mins. The supernatant was used for western blot. 10 µl of molecular weight marker and each sample were loaded onto SDS polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoresis was carried out for 90 mins at 125V. After SDS-page electrophoresis, the filter paper, nitrocellulose and sponge were soak in transfer buffer (Invitrogen NP0006) with 20% (v/v) methanol. The assembled western blot tank was run for 1 hr at 25V. The immune-detection of protein ÃŽÂ ²-actin was performed using primary antibody anti-mouse ÃŽÂ ²-actin (Sigma A2006) and secondary antibody anti-mouse horse radish peroxidises (HRP) (Invitrogen G21234). Statistical analysis All the data obtained was calculated using MS-Excel spreadsheet and statistic Independent t-test and paired t-test analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results and Discussion Morphology of 3T3 fibroblast cells The cell of mouse dermal 3T3 fibroblast was obtained from T180 flask by trypsin digest method is shown in figure1. The flask was confluent enough (80%) and morphology of the cells seems to be intact and healthy. No sign of contamination was observed prior to seeding procedure. The morphology of 3T3 fibroblast cells are of flat and spindled shape. These cells form a well-characterised and established mesh like interconnected networks. This property of fibroblast cells make them ideal for cell attachment as they show anchorage property due to presence of integrins in ECM. Hence, using this cell type achieving maximum cell adhesion onto the scaffolds becomes ideal for this experiment. Effect on Cell viability in static and dynamic conditions The alamar blue assay was performed on the static and dynamic culture condition to observe its effect on 3T3 fibroblast cell viability is shown in figure 2a and 2b. The culture method employed aims to maintain or increase the cell viability when cultured for seven days. Under static condition (Fig 2a), only 1 group out of five showed significant increase in fluorescence whereas other two groups showed more or less no change in their fluorescence produced from day 1 to day 7. Also, on contrary two groups showed significant decrease in fluorescence on day 7 (Fig 2a). Hence, variable of results were obtained between groups. On the other hand, under dynamic condition, the cell produced more fluorescence on day 7 compared to day1 expect for one group. Therefore on an average, when mean of the static absorbance reading was taken, it showed that there is significant decrease in fluorescence (fig 2b). But in dynamic method, the increase in fluorescence day 7 (Fig 2b) was not significant enou gh. The 3-D construct of PGA scaffold provides with an environment to the cells where they remain viable in culture for several weeks. Moreover, they should successfully increase the cell viability after some days. However, our study reported that the cell viability decreased tremendously in cell seeded PGA scaffolds in static cell culture condition whereas the dynamic cell culture method was able to increase the cell viability over 7 days of culture. So, when comparing the two culture methods statistically showed difference in their overall effect on the viability of 3T3 fibroblast cells where dynamic condition is more but not effective enough. So, static condition did not improve the cell viability more than dynamic culture method. Effect on Cell distribution in PGA scaffolds The three-dimensional PGA scaffolds constructs enables the fibroblastic cells to adhere and to evenly distribute throughout the porous structure. To assess the uniform 3T3 fibroblast cell distribution in two different culture conditions, toludine blue staining was carried out on day 1 and day 7 on both conditions is shown in fig 3. Toludine blue stains cell dark blue within the 3-D construct. As observed in static condition, on day 1 the cells were successfully seeded onto the scaffold but compared to day 7 the cells are not evenly distributed throughout the scaffold. Also, the scaffolds were efficiently seeded on day1 under dynamic condition as the figure 3c shows cells stained with toludine blue. Surprisingly, on day 7 (Fig 3d), the scaffolds shows no cells at all. This means, that the 3T3 fibroblast cells under dynamic condition was eventually lost or died. The spinner flask culture system might have loose the cells by day 7 due to poor adhesion or vigorous rotation. The cell seed ed on day 1 was too low or error in carryout the technique. But this was observed with all the spinner flask condition system, where the success was 2 out of 4 groups (Supplementary data 3). However, this observation is more of debate because no other factors expect the condition itself could affect cell distribution as uniform distribution was achieved in all the five static condition (supplementary data 3) which used the same scaffolds and cell type. Effect on Cell proliferation in static and dynamic conditions 3T3 fibroblast was culture over 7 days in both conditions to also observe its effect on the cell proliferation are shown in figure 4 (a, b, c d). The standard curve obtained with known cell density for both static and dynamic of all the groups (fig 4a 4b) showed increase in cell density with increase in the fluorescence. The unknown cell density of the cells from these two culture methods on day 1 and day 7 was calculated and found that 2 out 4 groups from dynamic conditions had no cells in the culture on day 7. Therefore, only other two groups were considered to evaluate the cell number on day 1 and day 7. There was significant difference in cell density over 7 days of culture in static method (n=5)(fig 4c) and on contrast there was no significant difference in cell density in dynamic method (n=2)(fig 4c). Almost all the groups showed cell density on day 1 around 1 x10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ml which was the actual cell density seeded on day 1 (supplementary data 4). This shows that se eding performed on scaffold achieved effective adhesion of all the cells present. The mean cell number from 1.2 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 0.16 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 1 increased to 6.3 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 1 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 7 under static culture method (fig 4d). On the other hand, dynamic culture methods showed hardly any change in cell number over 7 days of culture i.e. 2.0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 0.92 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 1 to 2.5 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ ( ± 1.96 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ) cells on day 7 (fig 4d). Previous studies have reported using other cell types that they start proliferating within 24 hrs after seeding cells on scaffolds employing dynamic culture methods. Contradicting this, our results have shown that dynamic had really poor effect on cell proliferation. Moreover, 3T3 fibroblast cells were undergoing death during seven days of culture. Whereas, static culture method shows drastic increment in the cell number and thus supporting 3T3 fibroblast cell proliferation efficiently. The scaffolds used for alama r blue assay on day 1 were used for Hoechst DNA assay with same after washing step (same for day 7 scaffolds). The washing might have been too vigorous which resulted in cell loss. It could also be possible that cells are being aspirated off from the culture which gave poor or no cell proliferation. It should be also taken into account that the success rate with dynamic culture method on cell proliferation was null out of 4 demonstrations. Expression of Cytoskeleton For the analysis of expression of cytoskeleton ÃŽÂ ²-actin on 3T3 fibroblast in two different conditions was done by western blot as shown in figure 5. The cell pellet of density 4 x10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ cells/ml was loaded against the cells obtained on day1 and day 7 from static and spinner flask culture method. The density of ÃŽÂ ²-actin obtained from the cell pellet was maximum. The amount of ÃŽÂ ²-actin detected on day 1 was lower than day 7 in static culture condition. It was the opposite scenario with spinner flak method where day 7 had minimum amount of ÃŽÂ ²-actin compared to day1. In some cases of spinner flask method ÃŽÂ ²-actin was not even detected on day 7 (supplementary data 5). Hence, comparatively the expression of ÃŽÂ ²-actin was higher in static culture method. Perhaps, it could be because the cell could not proliferate much as expected. Also, the culture didnt have enough cells left to express ÃŽÂ ²-actin on western blot. The formation of ECM cytoskel eton was not shown to be supported by spinner flask method. Conclusion and future work The tissue engineering scaffolds constructs have been shown more effective on cells containing serum in spinner flask/dynamic culture method rather than in static culture method. But from our data, it shows that dynamic condition only favoured cell adhesion and distribution. It was also able to produce a small increment in cell viability unlike static culture method. Contradicting the other data, cells were virtually not detected on day 7 and so is the expression of ÃŽÂ ²-actin. Not only this, all the 4 demonstration failed to show that cell growth can be effectively supported in dynamic culture method. Three seeded scaffolds were kept in spinner flask together, where there is increased chance for it to come in contact with each other. Cells may get detached from the scaffolds as it might be loosely adhere to the scaffold. The continuous rotation of magnetic rod in the flask circulates the media to provide nutrients to cells more effectively then static. Despite of this fact, the cells were either undergoing cell death or dislodged from the scaffolds or may be aspirated off from the culture. The static culture method have been effective in 3T3 fibroblast adhesion on the construct after seeding and eventually could improve tremendous cell growth by showing increase in cell proliferation over a period of seven days in culture. However, better distribution and increased ÃŽÂ ²-actin expression could only be achieved by the static culture method after 7 days as the cells proliferated more. Moreover, the success rate for this method was more compared to dynamic and produced more reliable and reproducible data. Hence, it can be concluded that static culture method supported cell growth better then the dynamic culture method. It would be interesting to investigate the technique involved in dynamic culture method more carefully to produce reliable data where it could be compared with the static method to give better understanding of the environment cells require to grow in artificial ECM-like structure and culture media. Since, within the body the cells are continuously under the force by blood flow in 3D environment, it would be useful to derive cell culture growth better in dynamic condition with enhanced technique. It is strongly recommended to carry out further research in this area to conclude spinner flask methods effect on 3T3-fibroblast cells with more reliable data. Evaluation The practical session assessed my learning in the techniques and concepts involved in tissue engineering. The demonstration on different techniques to prepare scaffolds assessed my understanding better and was helpful to apply same in this practical session by evaluating the different parameters that can be influenced by the scaffold design alone. As earlier discussed troubleshoot, implementing the technique given in protocol helped to produce the good replicates and contamination free-blanks and controls. While working in the hood with the partner, things were discussed prior to carrying out the experiment and working space was kept ready which helped in managing the use of same equipments, solution and incubation time effectively to avoid any source of contamination. Also, the exchange of results and data between several groups also led to the exchange of ideas and different cause for their results. However, the exact reason for spinner flask method to not work out is still not cle ar as all the groups got same reading where cells were present onto the scaffolds during alamar blue assay on day1 and day 7 but eventually lost when subsequent assays were done for same day. Overall, the difference between the effects of two culture method was evaluated. Acknowledgement The efforts put in by the Paula Ellis is acknowledged was carryout the change of media and taking care for the samples throughout the practical session and also during weekends. Also, Dr. Felicity Rose for giving the guidance and helping with doubt regarding the techniques and protocol. The images and data taken from all other groups are acknowledged for sharing their data used in this report. The effort of the group member is also acknowledged for managing with the working protocol load effectively. Figures Figure1. 3T3 fibroblast cells in T180 flask (10X). The image shows morphology of 3T3 fibroblast prior the trypsin digest followed by static seeding. The image was taken using Nikon (Scale bar: 80 µm) Figure 2a. Alamar blue assay for all static (n=5) and for dynamic (n=4) culture methods on day1 and day 7. The graph shows fluorescence detected  ± SD for both the culture condition. The absorbance value of non-seeded scaffold (control, Ac) was subtracted from the absorbance value obtained for seeded scaffold (As) to optimise the calculated fluorescence i.e. As-Ac. This was done for all the static and dynamic culture methods data. The statistical analysis paired t-test was at 95% significance level was done using SPSS. The calculated data is provided in the supplementary data. Figure 2b. Alamar blue assay of static and dynamic condition on day 1 and day 7. The mean of all the values on day 1 and day 7 for static (n=5) as well as dynamic (n=4) was done. The graphs shows the mean of absorbance (O.D)  ± SD. The statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test and independent t-test at 95% significance level. DAY 1 DAY 7 Figure 3. Toludine blue assay. The toludine blue staining was performed on static culture condition on day 1 (a) and on day 7 (b). Similarly for dynamic culture condition on day 1 (c) and day 7 (d) was carried out. In (a) and (b) there is darker background staining but (c) shows proper stained 3T3 fibroblast cells. No cells staining can be detected in (d) (Scale bar: 100 µm). Figure 4a. Standard curve for all static condition using Hoechst 33258 DNA assay. The standard curve was plotted using the known concentration 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312 and 0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ (blank) of 3T3 fibroblast cells against the absorbance obtained. The blank was subtracted from the test reading to standardise the graph. The graph was produced using MS-Excel, to obtain the linear regression and linear equation for each group to calculate the cell density in static culture condition. Figure 4b. Standard curve for only two dynamic condition using Hoechst 33258 DNA assay. The standard curve was plotted using the known concentration of 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.0312 and 0 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ (blank) of 3T3 fibroblast cells against the absorbance obtained. The blank was subtracted from the test reading to standardise the graph. The graph was produced using MS-Excel, to obtain the linear regression and linear equation to calculate the cell density in dynamic culture condition on day 1 and day 7. Figure 4 c. Hoechst 33258 DNA assay was carried out on all static (n=5) and dynamic (n=2) culture condition on day 1 and day 7. The cell density was calculated using the standard curve for its own respective group. The graph shows cell density (x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ml)  ± SD for static and dynamic condition. The calculation was performed on excel-sheet and statistical analysis of paired t-test was done using SPSS. Figure 4 d. Hoechst 33258 DNA assay. The unknown cell density calculated from standard curve was averaged (mean) for static (n=5) and dynamic (n=2) culture methods. The graph shows cell density (x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ml)  ± SD for static and dynamic condition. The calculation was performed on excel-sheet and statistical analysis of paired t-test and independent t-test was done were appropriate using SPSS. Figure 5. Western blot analysis of 3T3 fibroblast cell from static and dynamic on day 1 and day 7. The expression of ÃŽÂ ²-actin in both culture methods are analysed using the rainbow marker and compared with the actual pellet of 3T3 fibroblast to cells extracted from two different culture methods on different days.

Spain Political Analysis :: essays research papers

The kingdom of Spain is roughly about 504,750 sq. km., including the Balearic and Canary islands (CIA). This land mass is roughly double the size of our state of Oregon. The country is located in Western Europe and borders the countries of; Andorra, France, Gibraltar, Portugal and Morocco (Ceuta and Melilla) (CIA). The country has roughly about 30% arable land and exports much of its agricultural products. The Spanish population is about 40.1 million people with about 1% growth rate (CIA). The population mix is mainly that of Mediterranean and Nordic heritage. The Kingdom of Spain is less populated than most of its European counterparts with the majority of the population living in main cities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government of the Kingdom of Spain is a Parliamentary Monarch. The Chief of State is Juan Carlos I was coordinated in November of 1975. Juan Carlos was the immediate successor of the dictator Gen. Franco (NTDB). The head of the government is President Jose Maria Aznar Lopez. Aznar is a member of the Popular Party, and won both the popular vote and the designated votes. The ruling body of Spain is a bicameral legislation with a National Assembly, Senate, and Congress. In addition the government also supports a standing military to include; Army, Marines, Air Force, Navy, Cost Guard, National Police, and Civil Guard (NTDB). The military currently has 300,000 active duty men and woman. The current political outlook on Spain is stable. However, Spain is the only country in the EU that has a recognized separatist group known as the ETA. The ETA stands for Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna meaning Basque Fatherland and Freedom. This movement was started in 1959, and aim was to gain sovereignty for a small area in northern Spain near France. The ETA has accepted responsibility for over 800 deaths and an estimated 1,600 terrorist attacks (CNN) However, in the ETA’s defense these attacks were strategically aimed at government officials, and were never intended for innocent bystanders. The ETA have been involved in peace negotiations and resulted in a 14 Month cease-fire in 1998 (BBC). However that ceasefire ended when peace negotiations did not end in the favor of the ETA’s Plan in Zurich Switzerland. It was not until the September 11 attacks that the United States recognized the need for a global effort against terrorism and all its allies. In February of this year, t he United States in cooperation with the Spanish government ceased several millions of dollars in ETA and ETA supporters’ assets in the US and protectorates.